Method for fabricating an isolated microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device using an internal void

ABSTRACT

A method for fabricating an electrically isolated MEMS device having an outer stationary MEMS element and an inner movable MEMS element is provided that does not use a sacrificial layer. Rather, a pair of spacers are defined on the outer portions of the upper surface of a conductive wafer, and an insulating material is deposited thereon. The spacers are attached to a substrate to define an internal void therein. The wafer is then patterned to form the outer MEMS element as well as a conductive member for the inner MEMS element, separated from the outer MEMS element by a gap. A portion of the insulating layer that is disposed in the gap is then removed, thereby releasing the inner MEMS element from the stationary MEMS element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/843,545,filed Apr. 26, 2001, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,829 and U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/862,593 filed Jun. 7, 2004 now U.S. Pat.No. 7,018,550, the disclosures of which is hereby incorporated byreference as if set forth in their entirety herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)and, in particular, relates to the fabrication of MEMS devices using aninternal void.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) components are being progressivelyintroduced into many electronic circuit as well as micro-sensorapplications. Examples of MEMS components are electromechanical motors,radio frequency (RF) switches, high Q capacitors, pressure transducersand accelerometers. In one application, the MEMS device is anaccelerometer having a movable component that, in response to anexternal stimulus, is actuated so as to vary the size of a capacitiveair gap. Accordingly, the capacitance output of the MEMS device providesan indication of the strength of the acceleration.

When the MEMS device is an accelerometer, the device comprises astationary MEMS element that is attached to a nonconductive substrate,and a movable MEMS element that has a substantial portion that is freefrom mechanical contact with the substrate that is therefore movablewith respect to the stationary element.

One method of fabricating such components, often referred to as surfacemicro-machining, uses a sacrificial layer, such as silicon dioxide, thatis deposited and bonded onto a substrate, such as single crystal siliconwhich has been covered with a layer of silicon nitride. A MEMS componentmaterial, for example polycrystalline silicon, is then deposited on thesacrificial layer, followed by a suitable conductor, such as aluminum,to form an electrical contact with the ambient environment. The siliconlayer is then patterned by standard photolithographic techniques andthen etched by a suitable reactive ion etching plasma or by wetchemistry to define the MEMS structure and to expose the sacrificiallayer, which may comprise silicon dioxide. The sacrificial layer is thenetched to release the MEMS component.

Several disadvantages are associated with fabricating a MEMS deviceusing a sacrificial layer. First, it requires the availability of anetching process that is capable of selectively etching the sacrificiallayer without reacting with the other materials that will ultimatelyform the MEMS device. This limits the materials that may be used whenfabricating the MEMS device. Additionally, the use of a sacrificiallayer increases the amount of materials needed to form the MEMS device,thereby adding cost and complexity to the fabrication process.Furthermore, an additional etching step is needed to remove thesacrificial layer, thereby further reducing the efficiency of thefabrication process. In particular, because the structure forming themovable MEMS element is disposed on top of the sacrificial layer, asignificant amount of time is needed to completely undercut thesacrificial layer. In fact, in some instances, holes are first etchedthrough the base of the movable MEMS element in order to permit theetchant to access the sacrificial layer.

What is therefore needed is an improved method for manufacturingisolated MEMS devices using simplified etching processes that avoids thedisadvantages associated with undercutting a sacrificial layer torelease the movable MEMS element.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have recognized that an internal void may beformed while fabricating a MEMS device that facilitates the release ofthe movable MEMS element from the substrate while avoiding thedifficulties associated with using a sacrificial layer.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a method for fabricatinga MEMS device onto a substrate having a movable MEMS element portionfree from the substrate and disposed adjacent a stationary MEMS elementthat is in mechanical communication with the substrate, comprises thesteps of providing a wafer having opposed first and second surfaces,forming a recess into the first surface to produce a spacer memberdisposed at a periphery of the recess, mechanically connecting thespacer member to the substrate to form an internal void from the recess,wherein the void is further defined by the substrate, and removing aportion of the wafer into the void so as to release the movable MEMSelement from the stationary MEMS element.

These and other aspects of the invention are not intended to define thescope of the invention for which purpose claims are provided. In thefollowing description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings,which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way ofillustration, and not limitation, a preferred embodiment of theinvention. Such embodiment does not define the scope of the inventionand reference must be made therefore to the claims for this purpose.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference is hereby made to the following figures in which likereference numerals correspond to like elements throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional side elevation view of a MEMS device;

FIG. 2 is a sectional side elevation view of a wafer having a first anda second layer deposited thereon, and having photoresist depositedthereon and patterned, and usable to fabricate a MEMS device inaccordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a sectional side elevation view of the wafer illustrated inFIG. 2 after selectively etching the second layer and bonding the waferto a substrate to form a composite structure and after depositing andpatterning photoresist onto the composite structure;

FIG. 4A is a sectional side elevation view of the composite structureillustrated in FIG. 3 after selectively etching the wafer and removingthe photoresist;

FIG. 4B is a sectional side elevation view of the composite structureillustrated in FIG. 4A after depositing and patterning additionalphotoresist;

FIG. 5 is a sectional side elevation view of a MEMS device formed afterselectively etching the first layer of the composite structureillustrated in FIG. 4B and removing the photoresist;

FIG. 6 is a sectional side elevation view of a wafer, showing patternedphotoresist, used to construct a MEMS device in accordance with analternate embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a sectional side elevation view of the composite structureillustrated in FIG. 6 after selectively etching the wafer, removing thephotoresist, and depositing a separating layer;

FIG. 8 is a sectional side elevation view of the wafer illustrated inFIG. 7 bonded to a substrate to form a composite structure;

FIG. 9 is a sectional side elevation view of the composite structureillustrated in FIG. 8 after further selectively etching the wafer;

FIG. 10 is sectional side elevation view of a MEMS device formed afterselectively etching the separating layer of the composite structureillustrated in FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a sectional side elevation view of a wafer having a firstseparating layer deposited thereon, and having photoresist deposited andpatterned thereon, and used to construct a MEMS device in accordancewith another alternate embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a sectional side elevation view of the wafer illustrated inFIG. 11 after selectively etching the first separating layer, removingthe photoresist, and depositing a second separating layer thereon;

FIG. 13 is a sectional side elevation view of the wafer illustrated inFIG. 12 bonded to a substrate to form a composite structure; and

FIG. 14 is a sectional side elevation view of a MEMS device afterselectively etching the wafer and the second separating layer of thecomposite structure illustrated in FIG. 13.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring initially to FIG. 1, a schematic illustration of a MEMS device10 includes a stationary MEMS element 12, which comprises a pair ofstationary outer conductive members 13 extending upwardly from asubstrate 14. The substrate 14 may be either conducting or insulating,depending on the intended application, and may comprise glass, highresistivity silicon, crystalline sapphire, crystalline silicon,polycrystalline silicon, silicon carbide, or ceramic such as alumina,aluminum nitride, and the like, or gallium arsenide. In fact, thesubstrate may comprise any material whatsoever that is suitable forsupporting a MEMS device. An inner movable MEMS element 16 is disposedbetween the pair of stationary members 13, and includes a base layer 17supporting two pairs of separated conductive elements 18 that extendupwardly from the base. It should be appreciated by those havingordinary skill in the art that movable MEMS element 16 is a beam that issupported at its distal ends by, for example, the substrate such thatthe middle portion of element 16 is free and movable relative to thestationary members 13. The outer two elements 13 are separated frommoveable MEMS element 16 by a variable size gap 19, which could be thegap between the adjacent plates of a detection capacitor, as will becomemore apparent from the description below.

The MEMS device 10 could therefore perform any function suitable for aMEMS application. For example, the device could comprise anaccelerometer whose movable MEMS element 16 is a beam that deflects inresponse to the external stimulus, such as an acceleration or vibrationof the device 10. Accordingly, as the size of the gaps 19 vary, so willthe output capacitance, thereby providing a measurement of the amount ofdeflection of the movable MEMS element 16. A measurement of the amountof acceleration may thereby be obtained by measuring the capacitance ofthe device. The device 10 constructed in accordance with the presentinvention could further incorporate a wafer level cap and electricaltraces connected to the stationary members 13, as described in “Methodfor Fabricating an Insolated Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) DeviceIncorporating a Wafer Level Cap” filed on even date herewith, thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

If base layer 17 is formed utilizing an insulating material, as is thecase in accordance with the preferred embodiment, the conductiveelements 18 become electrically isolated from each other, therebyminimizing the risk that an electrical input will conduct across thedevice 10, which would jeopardize those elements disposed downstream ofthe MEMS output.

The MEMS device 10 may be fabricated in accordance with severalembodiments that utilize an internal void to release the movable MEMSelement 16 from the substrate 14 and stationary elements 13, as will nowbe described.

In particular, referring now to FIG. 2, a wafer 20, which is conductingand comprises silicon in accordance with the preferred embodiment,includes a first layer 24 deposited onto the upper surface 22 thereof.The first layer 24 is insulating in accordance with the preferredembodiment, and comprises silicon oxide (SiO₂). The oxide layer 24 maybe formed by thermal oxidization of the wafer 20, or by depositing alayer of silicon dioxide, for example by using chemical vapor deposition(CVD) or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), as isunderstood by those having ordinary skill in the art.

Alternatively, the combination of wafer 20 and first insulating layer 24could be realized using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, in which theinsulating layer would comprise silicon dioxide that is deposited ontothe top surface of the SOI wafer 20 as commercially available. SOIwafers are commercially available having various thicknesses, and arethus selected in anticipation of the height of the final MEMS device. Amethod of etching a SOI wafer is described in a patent application filedon even date herewith and entitled “Method for Fabricating aMicroelectromechanical System (MEMS) Device Using a Pre-patternedSubstrate” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Next, a second layer 26 is deposited onto the oxide layer 24 usingchemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, orlike method. Because the layer 26 will ultimately provide a spacer thatwill be used to define an internal void during fabrication, as will bedescribed below, and will not ultimately form part of the inner movableMEMS element 16, this layer could comprise either an insulating orconductive material, so long as it is selectively etchable from theother materials forming the MEMS device 10. The second layer 26 maycomprise, for example, either silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) or polycrystallinesilicon in accordance with the preferred embodiment. However, if thesubstrate 14 (shown in FIG. 3) is conductive, it may be desirable forthe second layer 26 to be insulating to achieve electrical isolation forthe device 10. Because insulating layer 24 will ultimately form the baseof the fabricated movable MEMS element 16, the MEMS device 10 mayachieve sufficient electrical isolation, as will become more apparentfrom the description below. It should be appreciated, however, thatlayer 24 need not be constructed with an insulating material ifelectrical isolation is not desired.

It should further be appreciated that the embodiments described hereincomprise various layers of conductive and nonconductive materials. Whilethese materials are identified in accordance with the preferredembodiment, it should be appreciated that any alternative materialssuitable for use in the intended MEMS application, and that areselectively etchable if necessary, could be substituted for thedisclosed materials. For example, layer 24 could be silicon nitride andlayer 26 could be silicon dioxide.

A pair of photoresist members 28 is formed by depositing photoresist onthe upper surface 27 of the second layer 26 and patterning it usingstandard photolithographic techniques. The pair is spaced apart by amiddle section having a distance D₁ which defines the width of aninternal void that will facilitate the release of the fabricated innermovable MEMS element, as will become more apparent from the descriptionbelow. It will become further apparent that the width W of eachphotoresist member 28 could correspond to the width of the fabricatedstationary outer conductive members 13 and, in any event, will definethe width of spacer member 29 (shown in FIG. 3) as will now bedescribed.

The second layer 26 is selectively etched, using either phosphoric acid,H₃PO₄ as a wet chemistry etch or a CF₄+4%O₂ plasma as a dry etch, toremove the portion of silicon nitride that is disposed between thephotoresist members 28, while avoiding that disposed directly beneaththe photoresist. Accordingly, a pair of spacers 29 is formed on theouter ends of the upper surface 25 of layer 24, defining a recess 30therebetween whose base is further defined by upper surface 25.

Next, referring to FIG. 3, the remaining photoresist 28 is removed toexpose the spacers 29, whose upper surface 27 is bonded to the uppersurface 33 of the substrate 14 using a high temperature fusion bondingor any equivalent process as understood by those having ordinary skillin the art. Accordingly, an internal void is formed from the recess 30that is further defined by the upper surface 33. The height D₃ of thespacer member 29 defines the height of the void 30, which should besufficiently great to allow the release of the inner movable MEMSelement 16 without the need to undercut a sacrificial layer that wouldbe disposed beneath the movable MEMS element in accordance withconventional fabrication processes.

Wafer 20 may next be thinned to the desired thickness of the final MEMSdevice. If the wafer 20 is an SOI wafer, where the top silicon layer hasbeen pre-selected to have the correct thickness for the MEMS device, theback silicon portion is largely removed by a grind and polish step, withthe remaining portion, up to the silicon dioxide layer, removed by achemical etch, such as TMAH. Next the silicon dioxide layer is removedin an HF etch. The silicon that remains would then have the desiredthickness of the final MEMS device. If the original wafer 20 is a solidsilicon wafer, then it must be carefully thinned to the desiredthickness by a combination of physical grinding and polishing steps andchemical etching steps, taking care to maintain a uniform thicknessacross the entirety of the wafer.

Still referring to FIG. 3, photoresist members are now formed on theexposed surface of the silicon wafer 20 by depositing the photoresistand patterning with standard photolithographic techniques. Inparticular, a pair of outer photoresist members 34 are formed at theouter ends of the silicon wafer 20 and aligned with the spacers 29 toultimately form the stationary outer MEMS element, as will become moreapparent from the description below. A pair of middle photoresistmembers 36 are formed inwardly of outer pair 34 by a distance D₂ thatwill ultimately define a variable size gap disposed between thefabricated inner movable MEMS element and the stationary MEMS element.An inner pair of photoresist members 38 is formed on the wafer 20, andspaced inwardly therefrom, such that the silicon disposed beneathphotoresist 36 and 38 will ultimately define conductive structures onthe movable MEMS element.

With the photoresist 34, 36, and 38 in place, the silicon wafer 20 isanisotropically dry etched in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP), as isunderstood by those having ordinary skill in the art. This etchingprocess removes all silicon not disposed directly beneath one of thephotoresist members to expose that portion of silicon dioxide layer 24that is aligned with the etched silicon. The photoresist 34, 36, and 38is then removed to reveal the inner and outer pairs of conductiveelements 18 that extend upwardly from the silicon dioxide layer 24, asshown in FIG. 4A. Because the conductive elements 18 are aligned withthe internal void 30, they will form part of the fabricated innermovable MEMS element 16. A third pair of oppositely disposed conductiveelements 13 are formed, and are aligned with and are connected to theremaining spacers 29. Elements 13 are thus also connected to substrate14 and will form part of the stationary conductive members 13 of thestationary MEMS element 12, as will now be described. At this point, theportion of conductive elements 18 that is disposed sufficiently inwardof the distal end is only mechanically connected to stationaryconductive members 13 via the silicon dioxide layer 24, it beingappreciated that the elements are connected to the substrate 14 at theirdistal ends. Such an arrangement is described, for example in a patentapplication filed on Mar. 13, 2001 and entitled“Microelectricalmechanical System (MEMS) Electrical Isolator withReduced Sensitivity to Internal Noise” the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, photoresist 46 is deposited onto the structureand photolithographically patterned so as to protect that portion of thesilicon dioxide layer 24 that is exposed between the conductive elements18.

Accordingly, referring also to FIG. 5, only the silicon dioxide that isdisposed between conductive elements 18 and 13, where it is notprotected by the photoresist, is removed by applying to the exposedsilicon dioxide an anisotropic etching plasma, such as trifluoro-methane(CHF₃), commercially known as fluoroform. The photoresist 46 issubsequently removed. Because the etched silicon dioxide is aligned withthe internal void 30, and the layer 24 is etched into the void 30, theinner movable MEMS element 16 is released from the stationary element12. In particular, the inner movable MEMS element 16 comprises theplurality of the conductive elements 18 that are spaced from each other,and connected via the insulating silicon dioxide base 17 to provideelectrical isolation for the device 12. The outermost conductiveelements 18, comprising the silicon 20, silicon dioxide 24, and siliconnitride or polycrystalline silicon 29 layers, are separated from thecorresponding stationary conductive elements 13 via the variable sizegap 19 so as to output an electrical signal whose strength is dependenton the size of the gap in response to movement by the inner MEMS element16.

It should be appreciated that the primary purpose of insulating layer 24is to form the top of the internal void 30 and, subsequently, the base17 of the inner movable MEMS element 16. Accordingly, it need not bepresent on the outer sections of the wafer 20 adjacent the middlesection in accordance with the preferred embodiment, but is depositedonto the entire wafer 20 for ease of deposition. In this regard,however, it should be appreciated that the outer conductive members 13need not include the insulating layer 24.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a method of manufacturing the MEMS device 10 inaccordance with an alternate embodiment begins with a wafer 48, whichpreferably comprises silicon, or an SOI waver, as described above. Apair of outer photoresist members 52 is formed on the upper surface 50of the wafer 48, and the wafer is subsequently anisotropically dryetched in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). It should be appreciatedthat the width of each photoresist member 52 will define thecorresponding width of the spacers, and consequently the width of thefabricated stationary conductive MEMS elements 13, as will become moreapparent from the description below.

The middle portion of wafer 48 is partially etched for a predeterminedamount of time sufficient to produce an outer pair of spacers 55 havinga recess 54 therebetween of a depth D₄ (shown in FIG. 7). The etchantand photoresist 52 are subsequently removed once the recess 54 hasachieved a sufficient depth. Depth D₄ should be sufficiently large toproduce an internal void once the wafer is bonded to the substrate 14,and to enable the movable MEMS element 16 to be subsequently releasedfrom the substrate 48, as will be described in more detail below. Itshould be appreciated that the thickness of the final MEMS structure isthe original thickness of the SOI wafer minus D₄. Accordingly, D₄ iscontrolled to determine the final thickness of the fabricated MEMSdevice 10 and, accordingly, the magnitude of the resulting electricalsignal.

Referring now to FIG. 7, layer 56, which is insulating in accordancewith the preferred embodiment, is applied to the upper surface 50 of thewafer. The insulating properties of layer 56 will provide the electricalisolation for the fabricated MEMS device 10. The layer 56 preferablycomprises silicon dioxide, but could alternatively comprise aselectively etchable material having suitable properties, such assilicon nitride, for example. The layer 56 may be formed using astandard oxidation process in which the wafer 48 is exposed to elevatedtemperatures in an oxygen atmosphere for a predetermined period of time.Alternatively, the layer 56 may be deposited using chemical vapordeposition or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which would bepreferable if it is desirable to reduce the temperatures experienced bythe wafer 48. It is appreciated that the layer 56 is continuous where inalignment with the recess, as this portion of the layer will ultimatelydefine the base 17 of the inner movable MEMS element 16.

In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, the spacers 55 comprisethe portion of the unetched silicon at the outer ends of the wafer 48.The layer 56 may not provide a useful function for the spacers 55 if thesubstrate 14, shown in FIG. 8, is an insulator. It should therefore beunderstood that the spacers 55 need not include the insulating layer 56formed thereon to provide the recess 54 in accordance with the preferredembodiment. If the substrate is a conductor, however, then theinsulating properties associated with layer 56 may be necessary toprovide electrical isolation for the device 10. For the purposes ofclarity and convenience, spacers 55, as used herein, will include layer56 throughout this description, it being appreciated that layer 56 neednot form part of spacers 55 as described above.

Referring to FIG. 8, the upper surfaces 58 of spacers 55 are bonded tothe upper surface 60 of substrate 14 using a high temperature fusionbonding, or any equivalent process, as described above. Accordingly, therecess 54 becomes an internal void that is further defined by the uppersurface 60 of the substrate 14. Additionally, the portion of the wafer48 that is aligned with the portion of layer 56 that is bonded to thesubstrate 14 will ultimately comprise the stationary outer conductiveelements 13, as will now be described.

Wafer 48 is then thinned to the desired thickness of the final MEMSdevice 10. If the wafer 48 is an SOI wafer, where the top silicon layeris the correct thickness for the MEMS device, the back silicon portionis largely removed by a grind and polish step, with the remainingportion, up to the silicon dioxide layer, removed by a chemical etch,such as TMAH. Next the silicon dioxide layer is removed in an HF etch.The remaining silicon is now the desired thickness of the final MEMSdevice. If the original wafer 48 is a solid silicon wafer, then it mustbe carefully thinned to the desired thickness by a combination ofphysical grinding and polishing steps and chemical etching steps, takingcare to maintain a uniform thickness across the entirety of the wafer.

Next, referring to FIG. 9, photoresist is applied and patterned to thesilicon wafer 48, which is then anisotropically etched down to theseparating layer 56, as described above with reference to FIGS. 3 and4A. Accordingly, a pair of outer conductive elements 13 are formed alongwith inner conductive elements 18, which are supported by separatinglayer 56. As described above, conductive elements 18 and separator 56will ultimately define the base of inner movable MEMS element 16. Theouter conductive elements 18 are separated from the outer pair of innerconductive elements by a variable size gap 19. The final step in thefabrication process is to form the inner movable MEMS element 16. Inparticular, photoresist is applied and patterned so as to remain on thatportion of layer 56 that is disposed between the conductive elements 18and to expose only that portion of the layer that is aligned with thevariable size gap 19.

Referring now to FIG. 10, the structure is processed for a sufficientamount of time to anisotropically etch all of the material comprisingthe exposed portion of layer 56, thereby releasing the inner movableMEMS element 16 from the stationary element 12. In particular, the innermovable MEMS element 16 comprises the plurality of the conductiveelements 18 spaced apart from one another, and connected via theinsulating silicon dioxide base 17 to provide electrical isolation inaccordance with the preferred embodiment. The outermost conductiveelements 18, comprising the silicon 48 and silicon dioxide 56, areseparated from the corresponding stationary conductive elements 13 viathe variable size gap 19 so as to output an electrical signal whosestrength is dependent on the size of the gap in response to movement bythe inner MEMS element 16.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a method of manufacturing the MEMS device 10in accordance with an alternate embodiment is presented that avoids thedifficulties associated with partially etching the silicon material. Inparticular, a silicon wafer 64 has deposited thereon a first layer 66,which may or may not be insulating. In accordance with the preferredembodiment, the layer comprises silicon dioxide because it is easilyselectively etchable, it being appreciated that layer 66 couldalternatively comprise any other selectively etchable material, such assilicon nitride. The thickness D₅ of layer 66 will define the depth ofthe corresponding internal void, and should be sufficiently deep so asto facilitate the release of the inner movable MEMS element from thesubstrate. Photoresist members 68 are formed on the outer ends of theupper surface 70 of layer 66 whose width will, as described above,correspond to the width of the fabricated spacers.

Referring now to FIG. 12, layer 66 is isotropically etched, and thephotoresist 68 is removed, to reveal an outer pair of spacers 67defining a recess 72 therebetween. Next, a second layer 74, which in thepreferred embodiment comprises an insulator such as silicon dioxide, isdeposited onto the wafer 64 and spacers 67. As described above, however,it should be appreciated that the spacers do not necessarily need toinclude the layer 74 that is disposed thereon unless layer 74 is neededto achieve electrical isolation.

It should be appreciated that while both layers 66 and 74 are formedfrom the same material in accordance with this embodiment, such anarrangement is feasible because the layers are not selectively etchedwith respect to one another. Rather, both layers 66 and 74 will beselectively etched with respect to the silicon wafer 64, as will bedescribed in more detail below.

Referring now to FIGS. 13 and 14, the upper surfaces 69 of spacers 67are bonded to the upper surface of the insulating substrate 14. Next, asdescribed above with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, the wafer 64 isthinned, patterned, and etched to produce the outer stationaryconductive elements 13 and inner movable conductive elements 18.Finally, the portion of the layer 74 that is aligned with the variablesize gap 19 is etched to release the inner movable MEMS element 16 fromthe stationary element 12.

The above has been described as preferred embodiments of the presentinvention. It will occur to those that practice the art that manymodifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention. For example, it is appreciated by one having ordinaryskill in the art that the structure of the inner movable MEMS element 16may differ so long as it is electrically isolated and includes aconductive member that is operable to create a capacitance that variesaccording to. Accordingly, variations of the embodiments describedherein will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art,and such variations are within the scope of the present invention, asdefined by the following claims.

1. A method of fabricating a circuit device comprising the steps of: (a)providing a wafer and a substrate; (b) depositing a first layer on thewafer; (c) depositing a spacer material directly onto the first layerwithout first etching the first layer; (d) etching through the spacermaterial to the first layer to form a recess within a middle portion ofthe spacer material using an etchant that preferentially etches thespacer material without etching the first layer; (e) attaching thespacer material to the substrate without an intermediary adhesive layerto form a composite structure having a void disposed therein; and (f)etching into the wafer towards the substrate to remove a portion of thewafer and release a movable element.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereinthe moveable element is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device.3. The method of claim 1 wherein step (d) is performed without the useof a sacrificial layer arranged between the spacer material and thefirst layer.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein step (f) further comprisesforming a gap between the movable element and the substrate, the gapbeing at least partially aligned with the void.
 5. The method of claim 4wherein the gap has a size that varies in response to movement by themovable element.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein step (c) furthercomprises producing first and second conductive elements associated withthe substrate that are electrically isolated from each other.
 7. A metodof fabricating a circuit device comprising the steps of: (a) providing awafer and a substrate; (b) depositing a first layer on the wafer; (c)depositing a spacer material directly onto the first layer; (d) etchingthrough the spacer material to the first layer to form a recess within amiddle portion of the spacer material using an etchant thatpreferentially etches the spacer materlal without etching the firstlayer; (e) attaching the spacer material to the substrate to formcomposite structure having a void disposed therein ; and (f) etchinginto the wafer toward the substrate to remove a portion of the wafer andrelease a movable element, wherein step (d) further comprises depositingan insulating layer onto the wafer in the recess.
 8. The method of claim7 wherein the insulating layer is selected from the group consisting ofsilicon nitride and silicon dioxide.
 9. The method of claim 1 whereinthe wafer is conductive.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrateis conductive.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the spacer material isan insulator.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate isselected from the group consisting of glass, high resistivity silicon,crystalline sapphire, and ceramic.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein thesubstrate is nonconductive.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein tosubstrate is selected from to group consisting of silicon, siliconcarbide, and gallium arsenide.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein thewafer comprises silicon.
 16. A method of fabricating a circuit devicecomprising the steps of: (a) providing a wafer and a substrate; (b)partially etching a middle portion of the wafer so as to form a recessin the middle portion of the wafter; (c) depositing a first layer on thepartially etched wafer, wherein the first layer is formed over therecess; (d) attaching the first layer to the substrate such that a voidis disposed between the substrate and the first layer; (e) forming amovable element in the wafer; and (f) etching into the wafer towards thesubstrate to remove a portion of the wafer and the first layer torelease the movable element.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein themoveable element is a MEMS device.
 18. The method of claim 16 whereinthe movable element comprises a plurality of conductive elementselectrically isolated from one another by the first layer, wherein thefirst layer is an insulator.
 19. The method of claim 16 wherein step (f)further comprises forming a gap between the movable element and thesubstrate, the gap being at least partially aligned with the void. 20.The method of claim 19 wherein step (c) further comprises producingfirst and second conductive elements associated with the substrate thatare electrically isolated from each other.
 21. A method of fabricating acircuit device comprising the steps of: (a) providing a wafer and asubstrate; (b) depositing a first layer on the wafer; (c) depositing aspacer material on the first layer; (d) selectively etching the firstlayer independently from selectively etching the spacer material withouta sacrificial layer disposed between the first layer and the spacermaterial to form a recess within a middle portion of the spacermaterial; (e) attaching the spacer material to the substrate to form acomposite structure having a void disposed therein; and (f) etching intothe wafer towards the substrate to remove a portion of the wafer andrelease a movable element, wherein step (d) further comprises depositingan insulating layer onto the wafer in the recess.